E-leadership skills for small and medium-sized enterprises in southern Sonora

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.24275/GKRA5000

Keywords:

Leadership, digital skills, ICT management, firm organization

Abstract

A large body of research argues that the Covid-19 pandemic posed new challenges for leaders of small and medium-sized enterprises, due to health measures that forced people to work from home, communicate virtually and form virtual teams. The research seeks to understand digital leadership skills as virtual communication. Regarding the methodology, a total of 59 questionnaires were applied in the city of Obregon, Sonora. The research is quantitative with descriptive scope, statistical analysis was used and SPSS software version 23 was used. The main results show that awareness, willingness and the use of ICT in leadership stand out above the rest of the skills. Among the conclusions, it is established that digital leadership not only involves the use of ICT, but also has to do with aspects related to people.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biography

José Carlos López Figueroa, Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora (ITSON), Sonora, México

Licenciado en Administración, Maestro y Doctor en Estudios Organizacionales por la Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM). Profesor en la licenciatura de Administración en el Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora (ITSON) y es responsable del programa académico de Maestría en e-Business en esa misma institución. Ha estado como profesor en la Universidad de Manizales, en Colombia, Miembro de la Red Mexicana en Estudios Organizacionales (REMINEO) y la Red Internacional de Investigadores en Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades (Huika). Cuenta con diversas publicaciones en revistas con reconocimiento internacional y actualmente es Miembro del Sistema Nacional de Investigadores de CONAHCYT-México, con la distinción Candidato.

References

Abbu, H., Mugge, P., Gudergan, G., y Hoeborn, G. (2023). Assessing digital leadership: towards developing a scale to measure the human dimensions of digital leaders. International Conference on Engineering, Technology and Innovation (ICE/ITMC), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1109/ice/itmc58018.2023.10332437

Aguirre Choix, R. (2018). La influencia de la adopción de tecnologías de información en la capacidad de innovación desde la perspectiva del recurso humano en las Mipymes de software en Sonora, México. Investigación administrativa, 48(122). https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=456055708005

Alpaca, S., Cotrina, L., Chaparro, G., Izquierdo, G. y Gonzáles, C. (2023). Liderazgo electrónico y clima organizacional en teletrabajadores de empresas privadas de Lima Metropolitana [Tesis de Maestría, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú] https://tesis.pucp.edu.pe/repositorio/handle/20.500.12404/24099

Álvarez Romero, A. A. (2022). Plataformas digitales y liderazgos en el activismo de feministas jóvenes en Hermosillo, Sonora [Tesis de maestría, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C.] Tesis de Maestría en Desarrollo Regional. https://ciad.repositorioinstitucional.mx/jspui/handle/1006/1339

Arias Herrera, J. C., Rossetti López, S. R., y Rojas Rodriguez, I. S. (2023). Evaluación del liderazgo digital en estudiantes universitarios. Vértice universitario, 25(94). https://doi.org/10.36792/rvu.v25i94.77

Avolio, B., Sosik, J., Kahai, S., y Baker, B. (2014). E-leadership: Re-examining transformations in leadership source and transmission. The Leadership Quarterly, 25, 105–131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2013.11.003

Avolio, B., y Dodge, J. (2000). E-leadership: Implications for theory, research, and practice. The Leadership Quarterly, 11(4), 615–668. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1048-9843(00)00062-X

Avolio, B., y Kahai, S. (2003). Adding the "E" to E-Leadership: How it may impact your leadership. Organizational Dynamics, 31(4), 325–338. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-2616(02)00133-X

Backhaus, K., Erichson, B., Gensler, S., Weiber, R., Weiber, T. (2021). Analysis of Variance. En K. Backhaus, B. Erichson, S. Gensler, R. Weiber y T. Weirber (Eds.). Multivariate Analysis (pp. 147-203). Springer Gabler. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-32589-3_3

Castillo, J., Valentin, C., Yarasca, G., Gonzales, C. y Gonzales, J. (2022). E-leadership y trabajo en equipo en estudiantes de Administración de la provincia de Tarma. Gaceta Científica, 8(3), 141-146. https://doi.org/10.46794/gacien.8.3.1719

Chamakiotis, P., Panteli, N., y Davison, R. (2021). Reimagining e-leadership for reconfigured virtual teams due to Covid-19. International Journal of Information Management, 60, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2021.102381

Chuco, V., Álvarez, J., Chávez, M. y Cuba, L. (2020). El trabajo remoto y el desempeño laboral en el marco del COVID-19. Review of Global Management, 6(1), 50-55. https://revistas.upc.edu.pe/index.php/rgm/article/view/1489/1194

Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL). (2021). Datos y hechos sobre la transformación digital. Naciones Unidas. https://www.cepal.org/es/publicaciones/46766-datos-hechos-la-transformacion-digital-informe-principales-indicadores-adopcion

Compaore, N. (2021). Virtual communication and project work [Tesis de Maestría, University of South Bohemia]. https://theses.cz/id/5p4x1h/Master_Thesis_Compaore_Wendpanga.pdf

Contreras, F., Baykal, E., y Abid G. (2020). E-Leadership and teleworking in times of COVID-19 and Beyond: What We Know and Where Do We Go. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.590271

Cortellazzo, L., Bruni, E., y Zampieri, R. (2019). The Role of Leadership in a Digitalized World: A Review. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01938

Çuhadar, S. (2022). Challenges and opportunities of e-leadership in organizations during covid-19 crisis. SEA - Practical Application of Science, X(29), 83-89. https://seaopenresearch.eu/Journals/articles/SPAS_29_3.pdf

Esguerra, G. y Contreras, F. (2016). Liderazgo electrónico, un reto ineludible para las organizaciones de hoy. Estudios Gerenciales, 32(140), 262-268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.estger.2016.08.003

Faraj, S., Renno, W., y Bhardwaj, A. (2021). Unto the breach: What the COVID-19 pandemic exposes about digitalization. Information and Organization, 31(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infoandorg.2021.100337

Fenwick, M., McCahery, J., y Vermeulen, E. (2021). Will the World Ever Be the Same After COVID‑19? Two Lessons from the First Global Crisis of a Digital Age. European Business Organization Law Review, 22, 125-145. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40804-020-00194-9

Fierro Moreno, E. (2021). La gestión del cambio, la colaboración virtual y la agilidad estratégica organizacional de empresas mexicanas ante los impactos por el COVID-19. Nova scientia, 13. https://doi.org/10.21640/ns.v13ie.2762

Geetha, B., y Sujatha, N. (2024). An overview of descriptive analytics and data visualization. 5th International Conference on Smart Electronics and Communication (ICOSEC), 1158-1163. 10.1109/ICOSEC61587.2024.10722273

Hambley, L., O’Neill, T., y Kline, T. (2007). Virtual team leadership: The effects of leadership style and communication medium on team interaction styles and outcomes. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 103, 1–20. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222924707_Virtual_team_leadership_The_effects_of_leadership_style_and_communication_medium_on_team_interaction_styles_and_outcomes

Heredia Bustamante, A., Aguilar Talamante, P., y Sainz Zarate, N. (2020). Situación de las Pymes de Hermosillo, Sonora ante la crisis presentada por COVID-19. Revista de Investigación Académica Sin Frontera, (32), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.46589/rdiasf.vi32.311

Hernández-Sampieri, R., Fernández-Collado, C. y Baptista-Lucio, M. (2014). Metodología de la Investigación. McGraw-Hill Interamericana. https://apiperiodico.jalisco.gob.mx/api/sites/periodicooficial.jalisco.gob.mx/files/metodologia_de_la_investigacion_-_roberto_hernandez_sampieri.pdf

Homa, F., Arshad, M. A., Kumar, V., Thakur, S., y Mishra, P. (2023). Descriptive statistics: principles and applications. Apple Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003336303-1

Hutajulu, R., Susita, D., y Eliyana, A. (2021). The effect of digitalization and virtual leadership on organizational innovation during the COVID-19 pandemic crisis: a case study in Indonesia. Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 8(10), 57-64. https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2021.vol8.no10.0057

Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía [INEGI]. (2025, 23 de enero). Censos económicos (CE) Sonora. https://www.inegi.org.mx/contenidos/saladeprensa/boletines/2025/ce/CE_2024_RO_Son.pdf

Ivanova, V., y Arenas, A. (2014). E-leadership skills for SMES – challenges to the universities. En I. Filipovic, G. Kozina y F. Galetic (Eds.), Economic and social development 8th international scientific conference on economic and social development and 4th Eastern European ESD Conference. Building Resilient Economy. (pp.256-264). Varazdin Development and Entrepreneurship Agency. https://bazawiedzy.ue.poznan.pl/info/book/UEP5c9e075c49f94206a69b324eea581272/

Kaiyai, H., Kenaphoom, S., y Pommarang, S. (2024). Indicator of the digital leadership skill. En H. Kaiyai, S. Kenaphoom y S. Pommarang (Eds.). Consumer and organizational behavior in the age of AI (pp. 251-270). IGI Global. 10.4018/979-8-3693-8850-1.ch009

Karakose, T., Kocabas, I., Yirci, R., Papadakis, S., Ozdemir, T., y Demirkol, M. (2022). The Development and Evolution of Digital Leadership: A Bibliometric Mapping Approach-Based Study. Sustainability, 14(16171), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142316171

Kaufmann J, y Schering A. (2014) Analysis of variance ANOVA. En N. Balakrishnan, T. Colton, B. Everitt, W. Piegorsch, F. Ruggeri and J.L. Teugels (Eds.). Wiley StatsRef: Statistics Reference Online (pp. 10-25). https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118445112.stat06938

Kulshreshtha, K., y Sharma, G. (2021). Understanding e-leadership: Please mind the gap. Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 168, 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120750

Law, H. M. (2023). Descriptive statistics, an important first step. Journal of Neurologic Physical Therapy, 47(2), 63. https://doi.org/10.1097/npt.0000000000000434

Lindov, I. (2024). Leadership impact on the effectiveness in digitalised it organisations. Science International Journal, 3(3), 153–158. https://doi.org/10.35120/sciencej0303153l

Liu, C., Ready, D., Roman A., Van Wart, M., Wang, X., McCarthy, A., y Kim, S. (2018). E-leadership: an empirical study of organizational leaders’ virtual communication adoption. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 39(7), 826-843. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-10-2017-0297

López Aguado, M., y Gutiérrez Provecho, L. (2019). Cómo realizar e interpretar un análisis factorial exploratorio utilizando SPSS. Revista d’Innovació i Recerca en Educació, 12(2), 1–14. http://doi.org/10.1344/reire2019.12.227057

López Lunagómez, D. A., Florescano Pérez, D. D., Sangabriel Rivera, I., Morales Hernández, I. M., Reyes Hernández, M. F. (2023). El liderazgo digital en los administradores como gestores de la transformación digital de las organizaciones de Xalapa, Veracruz, México 2022. En D. A. López Lunagómez y E. García Herrera (Eds.). Innovación en las organizaciones. Una perspectiva desde Iberoamérica, después de la pandemia (pp. 166-181). Instituto Interdisciplinario de Investigaciones. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=8900848

López, J., Fuentes, A., Pozo, S. y Romero, J. (2019). Análisis del liderazgo electrónico y la competencia digital del profesorado de cooperativas educativas de Andalucía (España). Journal of Educational Research, 9(2), 194-223. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=7023166

Machado, A.M., y Brandão, C. (2019). Leadership and technology: concepts and questions. En A., Rocha, H., Adeli, L., Reis y S. Constanzo (Eds.). New Knowledge in Information Systems and Technologies (pp. 764-773). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16184-2_73

Mantilla, L. (2018). Las habilidades directivas para un liderazgo digital exitoso en Mipymes comerciales de Bucaramanga [Tesis de Maestría, Universidad Santo Tomás]. https://repository.usta.edu.co/bitstream/handle/11634/15908/2018luzmantilla.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

Mazur, N., y Chukhray, N. (2023). The influence of modern technologies on the effectiveness of management and decision-making in organizations. Collection of Scientific papers «ΛΌГOΣ», 36–38. https://doi.org/10.36074/logos-28.04.2023.09

Mercado Rueda, A. P. (2023). Analysis of variance: ANOVA. En A.E. Eltorai, J.A. Bakal, S.F. DeFroda y B.D. Ownes (Eds.). Handbook for designing and conducting clinical and translational research (pp. 157-160). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-91259-4.00099-0

Mustajab, D., Bauw, A., Irawan, A., Rasyid, A., Akbar, M., Hamid, M. (2020). Covid-19 Pandemic: What are the Challenges and Opportunities for e-Leadership? Fiscaoeconomia, 4(2), 483-497. https://doi.org/10.25295/fsecon.2020.02.011

Nagel, L. (2020). The influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on the digital transformation of work. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 40(9), 861-875. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSSP-07-2020-0323

Nguyen, T., Nguyen, Q., y Nguyen, M. (2021). Digital Transformation: Opportunities and Challenges for Leaders in the Emerging Countries in Response to Covid-19 Pandemic. Emerging Science Journal, 5, 21-36. https://www.ijournalse.org/index.php/ESJ/article/view/499

Oliveira, J. D., Santos Neto, A. S., y Soares, J. C. (2023). Application of Factor Analysis for Identification of Case Grouping in Mobile Telephony. Relainep, 10(18), 70. https://doi.org/10.5380/relainep.v10i18.88365

Organización Mundial de la Salud [OMS]. (2020, 29 de junio). Cronología de la respuesta de la OMS a la COVID-19‎. https://www.who.int/es/news/item/29-06-2020-covidtimeline

Organización Panamericana de la Salud [OPS]. (S/F.). Qué son los coronavirus. https://www.paho.org/es/temas/coronavirus

Pashchenko, D. (2023). Using consulting and external expertise in the digital transformation of Russian corporations. Информационные Технологии, 29(6), 326–332. https://doi.org/10.17587/it.29/326-332

Pawar, S., y Dhumal, V. (2024). The role of technology in transforming leadership management practices. Multidisciplinary Reviews, 7(4). https://doi.org/10.31893/multirev.2024066

Peng, B. (2021). Digital leadership: State governance in the era of digital technology. Cultures of Science, 5(4),1–16. https://doi.org/10.1177/2096608321989835

Promsri, G. (2019). Developing Model of Digital Leadership for a Successful Digital Transformation. International Journal of Business Management, 2(8), 1-8. https://gphjournal.org/index.php/bm/article/view/249

Reddy Akepati, S. K., Seetharaman, A., Maddulety, K., y Gururajan, R. (2023). Empirical study: leadership, organization culture, employee engagement in information technology continuous improvement adoption. PEOPLE: International Journal of Social Sciences, 9(3), 18–35. https://doi.org/10.20319/pijss.2023.93.1835

Rosopa, P.J., y King, B.M. (2023). Analysis of Variance: Univariate and Multivariate Approaches. En R. Tierney, F. Rizi, K. Ercikan y G. Smith (Eds.) International Encyclopedia of Education (pp.529-535). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-818630-5.10065-X

Sayyadi, M., & Provitera, M. J. (2023). Consulting on the Cusp of Digitalization. Management Consulting Journal, 6(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.2478/mcj-2023-0001

Serrat, O. (2022). Information and Communication Technology in Organizations: Powering Agile-Friendly Leadership. En O. Serrat (Ed.). Digital solutions, reframing leadership (pp. 29-45). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-7253-9_3

Sharma, P., Leung, T. Y., Kingshott, R. P. J., Davcik, N. S., y Cardinali, S. (2020). Managing uncertainty during a global pandemic: An international business perspective. Journal of Business Research, 116, 188–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.05.026

Sivulca, A. D., Abrudan, M. M., Sala, D., y Bibu, N. (2024). Navigational dynamics in the digital age: digital leadership and e-leadership in organizational transformation. The Annals of the University of Oradea Economic Sciences, 33(1), 618-625. https://doi.org/10.47535/1991auoes33(1)068

Subrahmanyam, S. (2024). Leadership and cultural change management for technology adoption in operations. En J. Martínez-Falcó, E. Sánchez-García, B. Marco-Lajara, G. Visse (Eds.) Convergence of technology and operations management in modern businesses (pp. 175-202). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-6200-6.ch005

Tarasov, S. (2024). Impact of digital technologies on change management and development of innovative culture. Бізнес-Навігатор, 3(76), 221-226. https://doi.org/10.32782/business-navigator.76-37

Thambusamy, S., y Bekiroğulları, Z. (2020). Virtual leadership in small businesses during the covid-19 pandemic: challenges and possibilities. The European Journal of Social and Behavioural Sciences, XXIV(3), 179-190. https://doi.org/10.15405/ejsbs.281

Thekedam, J. S. (2014). Leadership and effective integration of information and communication technology for the age of restructuring. En M. K. Nandakumar, S. Jharkharia, A. Nair (Eds.). Organisational Flexibility and Competitiveness (pp. 153-163). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1668-1_11

Troilo, F. (2021). Un modelo de liderazgo digital. Palermo Business Review, 24, 125-141. https://www.palermo.edu/negocios/cbrs/pdf/pbr24/PBR_24_05.pdf

Tuschner, C., Hörsch, H., Von Korflesch, H. (2022). Leading Virtual Teams in the Context of E-Leadership: Insights from a Leader's Perspective on Traits and Behaviors. Elsevier BV. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4627933

Van Wart, M., Roman, A., Wang, X., Liu, C. (2016). Operationalizing the definition of e-leadership: identifying the elements of e-leadership. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 85(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020852316681

Vázquez, R., Vázquez, N. y Vázquez, J. (2022). El liderazgo electrónico en México en tiempos de covid-19. Ciencia Latina Revista Científica Multidisciplinar, 6(2), 4243-4259. https://doi.org/10.37811/cl_rcm.v6i2.2159

Wang, X., Wei, X., Van Wart, M., McCarthy, A., Liu, C., Kim, S., y Ready, D. (2023). The role of E‑leadership in ICT utilization: a project management perspective. Information Technology and Management, 24, 99-113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10799-021-00354-4

Published

2025-07-01

How to Cite

López Figueroa, J. C., Hernández Ponce, O. E., & Arce Ramírez, K. G. (2025). E-leadership skills for small and medium-sized enterprises in southern Sonora. Administración Y Organizaciones, 28(54). https://doi.org/10.24275/GKRA5000
Received 2024-09-06
Accepted 2025-06-11
Published 2025-07-01

Most read articles by the same author(s)